gambierdiscus toxicus การใช้

• Ciguatera fish poisoning ( or ciguatera ) is an illness caused by eating fish that contain toxins produced by a marine microalgae called " Gambierdiscus toxicus ".
• "Gambierdiscus toxicus " is the primary dinoflagellate responsible for the production of a number of similar polyether toxins, including ciguatoxin, maitotoxin, gambieric acid and scaritoxin, as well as the long-chain alcohol palytoxin.
• Organisms that derive their nutrition in this manner include " Oxyrrhis marina ", which feeds phagocytically on phytoplankton, " Polykrikos kofoidii ", which feeds on several species of red-tide and / or toxic dinoflagellates, " Ceratium furca ", which is primarily photosynthetic but also capable of ingesting other protists such as ciliates, " Cochlodinium polykrikoides ", which feeds on phytoplankton, " Gambierdiscus toxicus ", which feeds on algae and produces a toxin that causes ciguatera fish poisoning when ingested, and " Pfiesteria " and related species such as " Luciella masanensis ", which feed on diverse prey including fish skin and human blood cells.